The Bible is a massive book, and it discusses numerous subjects. However, the discussions on a given subject are not all in one place. Often the information is scattered all through the Bible. Further, these discussions of the same subject are often presented in different contexts, cultures, and even in different idioms.

Thus the Bible cannot be treated like a textbook or encyclopedia which is divided into various subjects. Since information related to the same subject is scattered so widely, an interpreter has to collect all this information, sift them, then arrange them, and then deduce the correct information. This is a difficult task, and many interpreters are not willing to take pains sufficient for doing a proper job. The result is often an incomplete picture or a skewed interpretation. Some errors related to collection and interpretation of information are as follows:

Ignoring Some And Emphasizing Other Portions:  Almost all interpreters have their own biases and pet philosophies, and these affect the way they interpret a given passage. In addition, these biases and pet theories force some people to totally disregard those passages that go against their biases. On the other hand, they gladly pick up and harp upon those verses that seem to support their biases. This distorts the process of collection and interpretation, and the net result is error. Another trick used by proponents of pet philosophies is to take all verses into consideration, but to interpret statements unfavorable to them in such a way as to conform to their pet theories.

A good example would be the teaching on Limited Atonement. According to this philosophy, Christ died only for the church. When numerous statements related to Christ’s death for the whole world are brought to their attention, they insist that these verses should be interpreted according to their philosophy. The same is the method used for arguing that some people are chosen by God for salvation, and others are chosen by God for damnation into hell fire.

Error is introduced when a person insists that statements in the Bible should be interpreted in the light of certain extra-biblical philosophies. The correct procedure would be to compare Scripture with Scripture and come to right deductions. All philosophies should then be evaluated in the light of these biblical deductions, and not the other way round.

The Progressive Nature Of Revelation: Though we now have the complete Bible in our hands, this was not always the situation. Biblical revelation started being written down in parts in the Old Testament era. The New Testament makes it very clear that such revelation was progressive in nature, and it came to completion only with the incarnation of Jesus and the arrival of the Church age. Consequently, many doctrines which have found full expression in the New Testament were either veiled, or were known only partially in the Old Testament. This progressive nature of revelation requires that a given doctrinal passage be interpreted only in the light of revelation available up to that time. When this is not done, errors are bound to arise.

The Progressive Nature Of Human Perception:  Revelation from God was progressive, and the fullness came only in the New Testament. Thus many of the Bible doctrines were not clearly or fully known in the Old Testament. Though the progressive revelation has now reached its final form, our understanding of doctrine continues to be progressive. A look at the history of Christian doctrine will immediately reveal that the first four to five centuries were periods when a large number of heretical teachers rose up and many of them confused the Christians because the understanding of doctrine was at a primitive level.

However, starting from this period, and continuing through the Protestant Reformation, our understanding of doctrine has progressively been increasing. However, our perception and understanding will never be complete in this life. Consequently, there will always be some errors of interpretation. These errors are compounded in the case of people who try to interpret doctrinal passages without first studying the understanding that has been gained during all these years. This is why this the history of Christian doctrine, (Historical Theology), is taught as an essential subject in many evangelical theological seminaries.

The Sufficient/Total Distinction: God’s revelation is "sufficient" for doctrine, reproof, correction, and for instruction in righteousness. However, it is neither exhaustive nor total, because exhaustive/total information would require a Bible running into thousands of volumes (John 21:25). Even if information were given so exhaustively, humans would still be able to raise doubts on subjects that are not addressed there. Instead of providing TOTAL information, the thrust of the Bible is to provide SUFFICIENT information to humans. When people try to use the Bible to gain total information, they often go into speculation and the making of hypotheses. This will obviously lead them into all kinds of errors. Thus questions related to the salvation of infants, details about guardian angels and about many such subjects have to be kept within available information. Else, the result will be error.

Emotionalism And Denominational Loyalties:  Emotionalism and denominational loyalties often introduce serious biases into Bible interpretation. What is worse, this often forces people to collect only that information from the Bible that suits their prejudices. The rest of the statements are often ignored. For example, for many Brethren people ornaments is an emotional issue. For many Pentecostals the subject of tongues, and for Episcopalian people the hierarchical church system are sensitive issues. Thus there is every possibility that they will fail to collect and integrate the whole subject, because this might hurt some of their pet interpretations.

Consequently, many Brethren people take up only a maximum of a dozen verses and pretend to speak authoritatively on this subject. Most of them do not even know that there are close to 500 references in the Bible related to ornaments, gold, silver, precious stones, and decoration. In this way emotionalism and denominational loyalties often hinder people from collecting and integrating information. One should not be surprised if this gives rise to problems of interpretation.

Summary: Principles of Bible interpretation are not radically different from principles of interpreting normal prose and poetry. (The only exception is prophecy, but that is not our concern here). In spite of this many people manage to misinterpret the Bible. This is due to their prejudices, problems related to  perception, and their inability to integrate Biblical data. Though the above three problems manifest themselves in numerous ways, an understanding of the three basic causes would go a long way in facing problems created by faulty Bible interpretation.

Errors Related To Collection And Integration Of Information
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The meaning of a statement has two parts: the absolute (or semantic) meaning, and the contextual meaning. The absolute meaning is determined with the help of vocabulary and grammar, while the contextual meaning is obtained by considering the historical, sociological, cultural and textual context.

Without having both the meanings at hand it is often difficult to understand the precise message of the Bible. For example, in Songs of Solomon, the shepherd addresses his beloved as his "sister". While a dictionary is sufficient to find out the meaning of this word, it does not make any sense to the modern reader. Once the contexts mentioned above are considered it becomes clear that the word "Sister" had many usages for the Hebrews. One of them was a term of endearment used for one’s wife. Thus if the meaning of the passage is not perceived properly, it can lead to many types of errors. Some of these are:

Ignorance About The Nature Of A Passage:  The nature of a statement plays an important role in interpreting and applying its meaning. Statements may be of many types, such as Concrete/Abstract, General/Specific, Affirmative/Negative, etc. Thus, what is specific will create problems if interpreted as general, and what is negative will create problems if it is interpreted as affirmation. Many statements about Israel and the Church are specific to these groups. If they are generalised to include other groups also, the result will be catastrophic.

Right Or Wrong Keys: There are many keys to understand the message of a particular passage. Thus, God’s dealings with Israel can be explained only if several factors governing the choice of Israel are taken into consideration. Thus these factors are the right key to understand those passages, and any other factors would act only as wrong keys. 

Similarly, when passages related only to the Church are applied to Israel, or passages related only to Israel are applied to the Church, errors are bound to arise. A study of dispensations also makes it clear that the correct key is essential to understand a given passage correctly. When that is not done, or when the wrong key is used, errors are bound to arise.

Human Limitations: The Bible is a communication from the infinite God to finite men and women. Consequently, some difficulties of perception and understanding are bound to occur on our side. This difficulty is compounded by many other factors that add to our limitations of perception. Depending upon our upbringing and training, each one of us has our blind spots: logical, perceptional, linguistic, comprehensional and doctrinal limitations. Consider the example of multiple reports of the same event, as often recorded in the four Gospels.

A person who is exposed to newspapers knows that faithful multiple reports of the same event can often not be reconciled with one another. This is not because of problems with reporting, but due to problems of integration. Similar limitations lead many people to misinterpret the Bible, though others find no serious problem with the same passages. Doctrines related to divine discipline, and the command to pray (even though God already knows all that we need), can often be understood only after one has been living as a loving and concerned father or mother for several years. A bachelor cannot, usually, gain the same depth of perception into these things. Further, many people attempt to explain or understand more than that which is actually possible for finite humans. Thus all such attempts by the finite intelligence are bound to face problems, and often the solution that is offered will be an erroneous interpretation.

Multiple Meanings:  Many words have multiple meanings, and only the context makes the precise meaning clear.
Many people, unfortunately, are in the habit of interpreting a statement only in the light of the predominant meaning of a given word. Thus when they hear about Salvation, Justification, or Filling with the Spirit, they force an interpretation upon the passage. Salvation is used in several ways in the Bible. It might refer to salvation from the condemnation of sin, but it might also refer to experiential sanctification. Only the context makes the meaning clear, and unless this is done, careless interpretation of words with multiple meanings may give rise to errors.

Inability To Perceive Divine Actions:  When finite humans look at the actions of the divine, they are perplexed by many things. For example, they feel that for similar actions God punishes different individuals differently. One individual speaks a lie, and he dies. Another one commits adultery and murder, yet is let off without any seeming punishment. On encountering these kinds of problems people are quick to judge that God is unfair. What most such people overlook is the fact that we are able to see only certain immediately visible actions, whereas God is able to see the past, present, and future. He is also cognizant of what has been, and will be, passing through the heart of the individuals involved. No finite human can understand such things. Thus in haste they come to conclusions and deductions that are erroneous.

The Mystery Characteristics Of Doctrines: Many Bible doctrines are totally different from everyday human thinking. This difference becomes pronounced in the New Testament period. For example, humans think of salvation through works whereas the Bible speaks of salvation as an unmerited gift. Many of the New Testament doctrines were kept as mysteries even at the time of Jesus’ earthly ministry. A clear revelation on these subjects only came after Pentecost. Further, only a believer filled with the spirit, having a transformed mind (Rom. 12:1-2) can understand many of these subjects. They are a mystery to outsiders, and even  insiders need the right frame of mind to understand these things. Thus, if anyone (specially an unregenerate or uncommitted person) tries to understand these doctrines, the result will be only error.

Linguistic Limitations:  Human languages are very powerful and flexible. Yet they are quite limited when describing the person and work of God. Thus when humans try to probe the inner details of certain information in the Bible, they might find it very difficult to comprehend or express those ideas. When the words "son", "generation" and "proceeds" are used for Jesus Christ, and when the word "flesh" is used for the old sin nature, difficulties are bound to arise due to linguistic limitations. Further, many human words such as "repent" are used in connection with the divine. At the same time, these words might have connotations that are not applicable to the divine. The interpreter must clearly distinguish the meanings which are applicable, and which are not, when a certain term is used to describe the divine. No words are sufficient to describe God and His actions totally or accurately, and errors are bound to arise if this is not kept in mind.

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No human is all-knowing. In fact, humankind’s knowledge is very limited. Therefore, humans cannot interpret accurately in areas in which they do not have sufficient background information. Further, almost every person has some prejudices and biases. When all these work together, the result is errors resulting from prejudices and biases.

Errors of prejudices and biases are compounded by a number of reasons. First, many who interpret the Bible are not born-again. This is because more and more unsaved people are occupying positions as pastors, teachers, and even Seminary professors. Recently I read the story of a person who had been employed with the American Bible Society for almost three decades. He was a translation consultant, a job involving transmission of the Bible into numerous languages. What was shocking that this man was a "freethinker", which is another name for an atheist!

When people of that type occupy positions of authority in the spiritual world, distortion of interpretation is inevitable. Further, even among believers, the number of superficial people has been increasing. Instead of holding on to the fundamentals of the Christian faith like Sola Scriptura (Bible Alone), Sola Fide (Faith Alone), Sola Gratia (Grace Alone), and Solus Christus (Christ Alone), they are people who have compromised one or more of these doctrines. Consequently, their interpretations now correspond to their biases. All these biases show in many ways and some of them are:

The Basic Human Tendency Is To Distort: The basic human tendency is to distort the word of God and that is true even among believers. This is due to the ever-present influence of the world, the flesh, and the devil. When God revealed His future plans to Joseph even his parents found it difficult to believe. Furious with the message, his brethren went one step further and even tried to nullify what God had predicted. The same is our tendency today, especially in matters that we do not like. We prefer to distort and oppose God’s message if it does not suit our biases, prejudices, and tastes. When the Sadducees approached Jesus with a seemingly difficult problem, Jesus replied in Matthew 22:29 "Ye do err, not knowing the scriptures, nor the power of God".

The Sadducees were the rationalists of their time, and thus they were biased against God and Revelation. Consequently they misinterpreted the Bible, due to their bias. Peter says the same thing when in 2 Peter 3:16 he remarks about the Pauline Epistles, "As also in all [his] epistles, speaking in them of these things; in which are some things hard to be understood, which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as [they do] also the other scriptures, unto their own destruction". It must be noticed that though some things in the Scriptures are hard to understand, the distortion is not because of this difficulty, but rather because these people are unstable and away from divine wisdom. The only solution is to go back to sound hermeneutics, with full dependence upon the Holy Spirit, and without even an iota of a human idea.

The Basic Human Tendency Is To Disbelieve The Divine: Divine Revelation is totally at variance with human thinking. This is one reason why the invitation for receiving Salvation through the simple act of belief is rejected by many. Like Namaan, they would be happy to cross seven seas to get a reward, but when the same thing is offered as a gift they are not ready to believe it. Most of them are not even willing to give it a try. When God told Abraham and Sarai that they would have a child of their own, they disbelieved God — even after hearing Him face to face. When an angel of the Lord spoke to Zachariah, he did not believe though what he witnessed was a miracle. When the rich man asked Abraham to send Lazarus to his brethren so that this resurrection might convict them, Abraham replied that if they do not believe the word of God, they will not believe anything. In other words, the basic disbelief in the heart of people forces them to ignore the message of God. The result, when they express their views about this message is only distortion.

Rebellion Is A Basic Human Tendency: Unbelievers live a life of continuous rebellion against God, because they are controlled by their flesh. But even after salvation, many people spend a greater amount of time under the flesh rather than under the control of the Spirit. Consequently, even such believers manifest the same basic rebellion that is seen in the lives of unbelievers. Since the flesh (sin nature) rebels against God, the reproof and instruction of the word of God are not very pleasing to them. Consequently these people try to distort the Scriptures. Jonah is a good example. As a Jew he was horrified when God asked him to preach the gospel to Assyrians who were, at that time, the most degenerate enemies of Jews. This rebellion forced him to question God’s will and commands repeatedly. The same thing can be seen when rebellious believers interpret the Bible.

A Good Number Of People Lack Theological And Biblical Background: The message of the Bible is vastly different from the best human wisdom. It is also at total variance from the greatest man-made religious treatises. Consequently, a certain minimum Biblical background is essential for perceiving the truth of the message of the Bible.
When people approach the Bible from their own human background, many divine pronouncements look like a laughing matter to them. In Genesis 19 we read the history of Sodom and Gomorrah’s destruction. Lot’s daughters were married to men of Sodom. These men had already seen the way in which the Lord blinded the wicked men of Sodom. After all this "And Lot went out, and spake unto his sons in law, which married his daughters, and said, Up, get you out of this place; for the LORD will destroy this city. But he seemed as one that mocked unto his sons in law" (Verse 14). Obviously, to the depraved minds of the people of Sodom, the divine plan looked like a laughing matter, and they just laughed it off. The word of God was challenged, mocked, and rejected, due to their human background.

A Good Number Of People Lack Spiritual Maturity: Just as a certain amount of mental maturity is essential before a person can understand many of the human activities, a certain minimum amount of spiritual maturity is essential before a person can understand the Word of God. In the Bible there is a whole range of doctrines, ranging from the simple milk to the solid meat. Many of the more serious doctrines cannot be understood without a certain basic minimum amount of maturity. That is why Paul says in Hebrews 5:11 that "Of whom we have many things to say, and hard to be uttered, seeing ye are dull of hearing". Obviously, when believers dull of hearing try to understand (or try to teach) these tougher doctrines, they are bound to present them according to their simplistic understanding. The result will be a distortion of doctrine.

Many People Interpret The Scriptures Under The Influence Of Various Philosophies: Almost none of us likes to abandon our philosophical biases. When such philosophies become very strong, they distort Bible interpretations. Thus there are many who interpret the Bible in the light of Feminism, Syncretism, Pluralism, Radicalism, Evolutionism, Humanism, Rationalism, etc. Feminists are able to see only masculine bias and prejudice in the Bible. Syncretists and Pluralists see only a one-world religion in the Bible. Evolutionists are quick to see a "gap" in Genesis.

Alternately, they are able to see Genesis 1-10 only as poetry, though it is written in straight Hebrew prose. The end result of all kinds of philosophical prejudice is error. In essence, though, the Bible is often very clear about its statements and people misinterpret it because of their own prejudices and biases. These prejudices and biases are created by their basic human tendencies to distort, disbelieve, rebel, lack biblical background and lack spiritual maturity. The solution is not to heed to their distortions, but to show where they have erred. In addition, the whole counsel of the Word of God should be declared to them. The Bible itself is the best defense and offence against distortion, because, according to Hebrews 4:12 "the word of God [is] quick, and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and [is] a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart".

Often People Show An Imbalance Between Cause/Commitment: the Bible mentions many causes and expects believers to demonstrate an appropriate commitment to it. For example, the cause of orphans, widows, and strangers is mentioned repeatedly in the Law. The Israelites were expected to manifest commitment appropriate to this cause. In the same way causes ranging from care of the helpless believer, to guarding one’s purity are commanded in the Bible. Obviously, not all causes are of equal priority, and consequently not all commitments are of the same priority.

Some causes, and commitment to them, are placed on the highest level, while others are ranked lower. Believer are expected to understand the relative importance of the cause and exhibit a commitment proportional to it. Depending upon a person’s perception, four different kinds of situations can arise, as shown below:

• Low Cause, Low Commitment
• High Cause, High Commitment
• Low Cause, High Commitment
• High Cause, Low Commitment

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Errors Related To Prejudices And Biases
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To anyone experienced in Christian Apologetics or Polemics, it is obvious that a large proportion of the questions and problems raised against the Bible stem from improper interpretation.

Interpretation is a normal part of human life. Without a sufficiently accurate interpretation of what our family, friends, teachers, or the media say, no one can survive for long. But the very fact that we communicate well with all these people, and they with us, shows that we are following common rules of interpretation in our lives.

The same principles apply to the Bible also, but many times people overlook these principles. This might be accidental or deliberate, but the result is that a great many questions are unnecessarily and unfairly raised against the Bible.

In the case of the Bible, the common rules of interpretation are supplemented with additional rules derived from the Bible and from theology. This makes misinterpretation of the Bible even more difficult, yet errors continue to plague Bible interpretation. This surprises many. On the other hand, some are not even aware that errors of interpretation exist. All this is because many are ignorant, not only of Hermeneutics, but also of the probable causes of interpretive errors.

In this chapter we will look at common causes that give rise to errors of interpretation. Though there are hundreds of types of errors of interpretation, they can be grouped into a few general categories. These are:

1-Errors Related To Prejudices And Biases
2-Errors Related To Meaning And Perception
3-Errors Related To Collection And Integration

We will discuss each one of them in detail, and will illustrate some of the varieties of errors in each group.

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Errors Of Interpretation – An Introduction
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Professional And Formal Preparation:  Up to a few centuries ago one could learn almost any profession or trade without formal training in a college or technical institution. However, each field of study has grown with such leaps and bounds that no one can become an expert today in any field without some sort of formal training.

True, even today some people learn traditional arts and crafts through apprenticeship in an informal way, but such people would not be able to rise beyond a certain level. For example, India has had native medical systems for thousands of years. People often learn these systems in non-formal ways. But when they get into medical practice, they are unable to interpret a blood, urine, or stool test. X Rays, ECGs, EEGs, or CAT scans that provide diagnostic information are totally alien to them. Consequently, their medical practice is always handicapped, and they are in danger of messing up a person’s health due to lack of proper training in diagnostics. The same is the situation in Christian apologetics. Unless the apologist gets trained, he will not be able to diagnose problems accurately nor in time.

People opposed to the Christian faith have been sharpening their arsenal in the last two to three centuries. What’s more, based upon research in the social sciences people have been introducing new methods of attack against the Christian faith. For example, formal Propaganda and Mind Manipulation Techniques were developed in the early twentieth century, and they were harnessed by radicals in the second half of the twentieth century. So advanced and sophisticated is their arsenal today that only formal study can help the apologist to fight with efficiency.

Though Biblical apologetics is several millennia old, formal training in it became available only in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Only a few institutions offer such courses, and therefore the Christian apologist will have to do some searching before he can find a course suitable for him. 

There are three methods for getting formally trained today: through introductory distance courses, through short-term classroom training, and through full-fledged courses. Most people would find it useful to go through all three of these in this order. 

A search for apologetics courses and creationism courses on the Internet is the best method for discovering introductory courses. Even a search of Biblical Archeology courses will yield good results.  Join these courses and study them formally. Even if they allow you to cover the course through self-study, prefer the formal approach. No amount of self-study can be as good as an instructor-guided study. Do not restrict yourself to just one or two courses or institutions. Join a variety of courses, and do not worry about repetition. You can never study apologetics too much. 

Meanwhile keep looking for camps, conferences, seminars, and short-term residential courses in apologetics and creationism. You will soon realize that the correspondence courses and the short-term residential courses greatly compliment and reinforce each other. This is also the time to grapple with the more serious books and articles in these subjects. Enjoy as much as you understand, but don’t become discouraged by apparently difficult concepts. Greater understanding comes with further study. 

For your next step you can join a seminary known for apologetic emphasis, or which offers full courses and specialization in Christian apologetics and creationism. If it is impossible to join a residential course, then try a distance course. Aspire to at least an MTh level course with emphasis on Christian apologetics. 

Full-fledged courses in apologetics are not yet common, but a few seminaries do offer such courses. There are at least two or three seminaries offering courses worldwide through distance education. Keep searching, and you will discover one that’s suitable for you. 

Summary: Christian life is a battle, and more so for the Christian apologist. To fight the good fight requires a great deal of preparation.

The aspiring apologist must first be a born again Christian—led by the Holy Spirit and hungry for the Word of God. He must nourish his spirit by reading God’s Word and through fellowship within the body of Christ. He must prepare his mind to meet the already well-prepared minds of his opponents, and this requires an enormous amount of study, practice, and organization of thought. To communicate effectively, he must sharpen his skills of oral and written communication. And to further refine these skills, he should pursue a formal course of study in apologetics. 

If the Holy Spirit has led you to apologetics, begin right now to develop the habits and associations necessary for success. You did not begin this alone, and you cannot finish it alone.

Professional And Formal Preparation
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But I am afraid that, as the serpent deceived Eve by his craftiness, your minds will be led astray from the simplicity and purity of devotion to Christ. (2 Corinthians 11:3)

Obviously, the human mind is the most essential human component of the system used in fighting Satan. The same idea is emphasized by the Scripture in Ephesians.

So this I say, and affirm together with the Lord, that you walk no longer just as the Gentiles also walk, in the futility of their mind, being darkened in their understanding, excluded from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardness of their heart; and they, having become callous, have given themselves over to sensuality for the practice of every kind of impurity with greediness. [emphasis added] (Ephesians 4:17-19)

The human mind needs to be channeled in the right direction — even in the lives of the greatest believers and apologists. Else it will go astray and fall into the deepest sin and rebellion as witnessed in the life of Solomon, the most intelligent human and the wisest believer the world has ever seen.

The Christian apologist should always remember that this is a battle at the mental level. If he prepares himself at this level, he will be able to fight. If he neglects preparation in this area he is poised for failure in his professional life and disaster in his personal life. 

The Christian apologist should therefore take great care of his mental life. He should keep in touch with the best conservative minds of the present and past, through personal interaction as well as through reading. He should read books that can challenge and inspire, as well as ones that can answer his own personal doubts. 

There is a misunderstanding among most Christian apologists that they are immune to doubts, and that they shall never face doubts themselves. This false belief can greatly handicap and even spiritually kill them. Most people who see doctors and medical personnel erroneously think that these people never fall sick. Actually nobody can indiscriminately work in the medical field, and medical workers are always under above-average threat of catching infections because they are closer to germs and viruses than the average person. The secret of their health is not all-round immunity, but "all-round precaution". They take all the essential vaccinations on time, they do not forget to take the booster dosages, they wash their hands after touching people with contagious diseases, and they use gloves and masks when necessary. What’s more, they also take good care of their health so that their resistance to infections remains at its peak. The moment they fail to do this, they fall victim to every possible infection. The same is the situation with the Christian apologist and his faith. 

The Christian apologist should take care of his mind in the same way. He should continuously be reading the best apologetics books, magazines, and journals. He should continuously be exploring the techniques used by the enemy. Above all, he should continuously keep himself at the peak of mental health so that nothing quickly overwhelms his defenses. 

He must continuously monitor his spiritual commitment and persistence. Any reduction in these should immediately be corrected by reading the best apologetic works and by interacting with zealous apologists. One’s spiritual life should also be overhauled and ‘refitted’ when necessary. Intense apologetic involvement and battles should be avoided while one is in a weak and susceptible condition.

Practical Preparation: Christian apologetics definitely has a theoretical side, but theoretical studies become useful and successful only when used in the practical arena. This requires rigorous practical preparation. Just as learning the principles of swimming in a classroom does not make one a swimmer, mere exposure to the theoretical aspects of Christian apologetics will not make one a capable apologist. 

Oral and written communication are the vehicles of apologetics. While all of us speak and write, not all of us do so effectively either in personal life or in formal situations. Witness the number of people who frequently run into trouble due to their speech. Thus the apologist should continually sharpen his skills of oral and written communication. He should make it a habit to frequently read books and articles on communication, delivery of speech, and print-media communication. Tons of free material is available on the net, if one is not able to afford books.

The apologist is depriving himself if he restricts all his communication to the oral realm. He needs to write frequently (even if these are not meant for publication), because practicing one’s expression in writing makes his communication more precise. While all of us speak a lot, most of us would be shocked if a transcript of our speech were given to us. We would quickly discover that we did not say what we thought we did, and it did not go the way we thought it did. Important words (though they did come to our mind) would be missing, essential phrases would not be there, and often the presumed link between our statements would be missing. 

Reducing our ideas, arguments, and apologetic presentations to writing helps us to analyze the content as well as the way it is presented. It helps us to spot our weak points, and it goes a long way toward improving our communication skills. Our communication will be more clear and precise, and people will be able to hear what we want them to hear rather that what we merely thought they heard. 

Though the primary purpose of the personal writing exercise is to develop accurate and concise expression, the apologist who manages to get published will only add to his preparedness. First, being published refines his ability to communicate.  Feedback from his readers helps him to discover his own weak spots. Feedback also informs him of current areas of discussion and debate related to the Christian faith. Second, a published writer gradually develops popularity and authority though his work, and emerges as an expert in his field of writing. This in turn makes him more popular and welcome among his potential listeners. 

The apologist should also keep his eyes open to developments in society that support the Christian faith, as well as new challenges to the Christian faith. For example newspapers and magazines worldwide carry news, articles, and stories from time to time that question the Christian faith directly or indirectly. The apologist should be the first one to read them, analyze them, and formulate an objective answer (even if he would never have to face that question). Since no apologist can read all the available periodicals, he should develop a circle of friends who would alert him about such writings. 

Ideas have consequences, and more so with anti-Christian ideas because the whole world is in rebellion against God from the Edenic fall onwards. Many young Christians read such articles eagerly and end up puzzled about the reliability of the Christian faith. Given the right atmosphere, they may present these doubts to the sympathetic apologist. If they fail to do so, the perceptive apologist should make it a point to elicit such questions from their young listeners. Of course, a clear and satisfactory answer can be given only if the Christian apologist understands the nature of attack in a given article or story and thinks through the answer beforehand. 

A good example is a survey which an Indian magazine carried out a few years ago. It claimed that one-third of all Indian men had one or more extra-marital liaisons. It then went on to claim that permissiveness is the norm and that people who advocate a conservative lifestyle are a minority in India. So persuasive was this article that numerous other Indian magazines quoted it, and the slogan "Morality is Dead" became the talk of the day among urban Indians. Everywhere that I went to speak in camps, conferences and seminars people had this to ask: Is morality dead in India, and are we abnormal because of our conservative outlook about the sanctity of sex. 

Christian apologetics goes far beyond the scientific or historical accuracy of the Bible.  When the Scripture in I Peter 3:15 says "Be ye ready always to give an answer to every man who asks you a reason for the hope that is in you" we should realize that the hope that is in us touches every aspect of our Christian life, including the Biblical principles of sexual purity. Consequently I felt a need to address the subject in an objective manner, and searched everywhere until I was able to get the original article from which they all were quoting.  It turned out to be a big surprise. 

The magazine that conducted the survey was a pornographic one. Out of its 100,000 or so many readers, fewer than 2000 had (reportedly) participated, and one-third of them had confessed that they were people of easy virtues. These few facts alone totally negated the tall claims made by the magazine. First, the survey was conducted among a group of lecherous people who read pornographic magazines, and not among the typical urban Indian males. Second, even among such an avowedly lecherous crowd, two-thirds of the males refused to have extra-marital liaisons and were strictly monogamous. Clearly, the results of this survey gave no indication that conservative morality was dead. On the contrary, it only showed that even the Peeping Tom’s of India maintain a conservative morality in their family lives, a deduction totally opposite to what they were proclaiming. Once I discovered this, it became easy to diffuse the bomb they were dropping all around.

Every Christian apologist should prepare himself in a similar manner to face the distortions of the media, whether it touches morality or canonicity.

Periodicals are not the only offenders against whom the apologist needs to defend. Countless books come out every year, both fiction as well as non-fiction, that directly or indirectly attack the Christian faith. One of the recurring themes is that the Lord Jesus did not die on the cross but that He eventually came out of the swoon or stupor, and fled to the more tolerant and hospitable India where He lived up to the age of 130. They then pile up all kinds of "proofs" including the presumed grave of Jesus in the Kashmir state of India. On the other extreme are books that totally deny that Jesus was a historical person. In between them lies a whole range of books that attack various aspects of the Christian faith either through fiction or non-fiction.

Young Christians are often more fascinated by destructive books than by wholesome ones. Even many older fence-sitting believers are fascinated by such books and invest a fortune buying them. Unfortunately, once such books enter Christian homes, many believers (including some very young ones) are enticed into reading them. Others are trapped when some rebellious soul passes such books to unsuspecting people, claiming that they are "great" books. Ideas have consequences, and such ideas can cause people to end up with various levels of doubt. The Christian apologist should come to their rescue. 

To prepare for this, the apologist should regularly read book-reviews and book-summaries, which appear in newspapers, magazines, and journals. He should also subscribe to book-review magazines which are now becoming common worldwide. The Internet provides numerous book-review and book-summary resources and most of them are free. Once he spots books that can create a serious problem for his potential audience, he should look for everything he can find to expose the fallacy propounded by that book. If he feels he needs to know the book first-hand, he should read it critically and analytically as soon as possible. 

There are a very large number of websites devoted to apologetics and polemics. Some of them contain thousands of pages of resource material, and one can access all of them free of cost. The Christian apologist should regularly visit these sites to get an idea of the breadth of the field. He will never be able to read it all, but even an exposure to the titles and summaries would be an education in itself. Once he is acquainted with the wider field, he can pick and choose articles in areas of his special interest as the Holy Spirit leads him. One would find articles on almost every subject, popular to technical in depth and one page to hundreds of pages in length. Downloading and printing these articles for personal use is allowed under the "Fair Use" provision of the Copyright Laws. Doing so is often an option cheaper than buying books. What’s more, on larger apologetics websites one can frequently get analytical articles on current issues well before they appear in the print media. 

Many of the larger apologetics ministries offer email bulletins, some of which are loaded with apologetic articles and late-breaking news of interest to the apologist. It is essential and useful to subscribe to at least half a dozen selected ones. They will keep the apologist updated with current information and will also save him the labor of wading through countless sites to gather the same information himself. Some of the bulletins offer materials of such lasting value that the websites archive them and the interested apologist can easily download older issues. Many bulletins are so rich with information that I print and file them to help me in my ongoing ministry, and when you discover the bulletins useful to your ministry, you will also do the same. 

Discussion forums are a special feature of the Internet. In forums one can participate in answering, discussing, or debating on any conceivable subject under the sun. There are forums exclusively dedicated to apologetics, and there are others where apologetics plays only a small part. Visit them as often as possible to discover hot topics and some of the common problems people face. Read the responses and you will discover much. Go to as many as possible, but resist the temptation to post, unless it is a "moderated" forum. People can be unruly when unmoderated, and often stoop down to name-calling if they are discredited. Worse, if your identity is known to them, many of the radical and baser contributors will launch a character-attack crusade against you, causing much loss to your mental peace. Use the forums primarily to learn, and post only in moderated ones. 

Make ongoing preparation a life-long passion. Keep sharpening and polishing your armor, lest you be caught unawares and with a rusted armory.

The Preparation to Become an Apologist
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Some Practical Tips:  Things done randomly might yield noticeable results initially, but the end will be chaotic. Witness a large house that results from random modifications and ad hoc constructions over a few decades. The house would surely be very large, but this patchwork would also be chaotic, to say the least. Much money, resources, and space would have been consumed, but the end-result would not be pleasing. It is the same with spiritual and theological self-enrichment. A spiritual life and vision developed randomly and in an ad hoc manner might eventually seem great, but that is only because it is inflated and bloated. There is nothing substantial inside, and it lacks foundation. It would fall down at the most unexpected moment, the way an unplanned house crumbles in an earthquake.

To avoid the pitfalls of randomness, the apologist should follow a systematic plan of devotion and Bible study. Any plan that suits him and that he is able to follow for a long period of time will be okay. Many lists are available to help a person read the entire Bible in very convenient daily segments. Devotion-related guides are available, and some of them are of very high spiritual quality. 

Is the Holy Spirit leading you into apologetics? If so, then get a plan. Which of these you choose is not all that important. What’s essential is that once you choose a good plan you must stick with it long enough for it to become an integral part of your life. 

Reading good expository magazines and books, listening to audio, etc. will also nourish your spirit. As you continue studying in this manner, the Word of God will open up to you as never before. You will begin enjoying the Scripture in unusual ways and will find ideas and inspiration jumping out at you as you read familiar passages. 

But a natural man does not accept the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him; and he cannot understand them, because they are spiritually appraised. (1 Corinthians 2:14)

Read some of the more well-written and orthodox systematic theologies, as well as the classics that keep appearing on narrower topics in theology. For example, read

• William Fitch’s God and Evil – This tackles the question of how evil can exist in a world controlled by a benevolent God who is also all-powerful and why He does not eliminate evil altogether.
• The Universe Next Door by James W. Sire
• Is Jesus the only Saviour? by Ronald Nash
• The Problem of Pain by C. S. Lewis.

The larger volumes will give you a comprehensive framework whereas the smaller and more focused works will give you a clearer understanding of special issues in theology.

Reading some of the more conservative theological journals will keep you updated on many important issues in theology, and this will keep you ready to answer various perplexing questions. Many of these journals are available on the web for free download, costing you little. There are also many theology websites that discuss every possible theological question. Keep yourself updated on a regular basis.

Mental Preparation:  Christian apologetics is basically a battle of ideas in which wrong ideas and philosophies are refuted and the right set of ideas is propounded and defended. Since the human mind is the seat of ideas, apologetics requires interaction at the mental level. 

While all humans use their minds, not all use them fully or for entirely constructive activities. The fall in Eden has corrupted the human mind to such an extent that rising up beyond this depravity to think in a wholesome manner is difficult for the unregenerate man. Even regenerate people are not immediately transformed into the state of innocence. What is more, in every generation there are vast numbers of people devising methods, arguments, and philosophies intended to confuse, persuade, or lead people astray. Thus for the truth-loving child of God, every day brings new frontiers of mental fight. 

The problem with mental fight is that it is invisible and not material. For this reason, people on the defense side (victims) take it lightly. Even Christians on the offense usually do not give it the attention or seriousness it ought to receive. What cannot be seen with the eyes often deceives us into thinking that it does not exist or that it cannot exert a substantial influence. This is why ideas that underlie deviant movements are often ignored or underestimated.

Scripture repeatedly stresses the role played by the human mind in spiritual life and in spiritual battle.

• Watch over your heart with all diligence, For from it flow the springs of life. (Proverbs 4:23)

In today’s health-conscious world large numbers of people invest heavily in health and fitness equipment because changes to one’s health for the worse are immediately visible, and they wish to arrest and counter them. But changes at the mental level are not that obvious to the average person, and the impact of such changes is often seriously underestimated. This is one reason why the Scriptures place such a heavy emphasis on guarding the mind. 

So important does God consider the mind that the Scriptures use the word mind/minds at least 111 times, the word thought/thoughts 139 times, the word think/thinks 82 times, and the word heart/hearts close to 1000 times. Many more mind-related words are used, but the above statistics are sufficient to impress any thinking Christian with the importance of the human mind. Christians place much importance on subjects that are not mentioned even one-tenth this number of times. That being so, how much more importance ought we to give to the mind.

Some Practical Tips
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As we begin the twenty-first century, attacks directed against the Christian Faith are growing at an exponential rate, and no Christian remains unaffected. By now, every professing Christian has experienced some sort of opposition, whether in school, at home, or at the office.  Friends, relatives, or colleagues have asked pointed questions that, in effect, attack the Christian’s faith. The options are always clear: either give us a satisfactory answer, or quit talking about your faith around us.

Anti-Christian sentiments have become so widespread that books attacking the Bible become instant best-sellers in any language and in any country. T V programs routinely attack Christians and present them in a highly distorted, demeaning, and often slanderous manner. Numerous magazines and technical journals are devoted to opposing the Bible, and several large publishing houses regularly put out books meant to destroy, cripple, or belittle the Christian faith. Numerous anti-Christian ideas permeate society, and questions hostile to the Christian faith are fired repeatedly at Christians individually or collectively. Ideas have consequences, and this is why practicing apologetics has become an unavoidable and necessary activity for Christians.

The response from the Christian community takes many forms. Some jump into the fray without any preparation whatsoever, and some remain silent in the face of attacks. Fortunately, there are others who believe a proper defense of the faith requires serious preparation.

Those in the first group feel that anyone can be an apologist. They ignore the need for preparation, go to war against powerful enemies of Christianity, and are humiliated by their opponents. Even with truth on his side, the unprepared defender is made a laughingstock in front of others only because his opponent is better prepared to influence the audience. Instead of defending the faith, these people only invite shame.

The second group feels that Christians should keep silent even in the face of increasingly frequent attacks against the faith. Some of these people do not understand the issues, and they continue to live in a fool’s paradise. Others are escapists and do not wish to get involved. Still others do not know what to do, and so they remain silent. Though this group is made up of inactive people who never respond to challenges against the faith, they are still somewhat better than the first group. In the long run, those who rush in without preparation cause embarrassment, whereas the silence of the second group doesn’t actively challenge belief. Unfortunately, it still allows the church to lose many young believers to unbelief.

Thankfully, there is a third group that rises to the task. This third group is made up of people who are prepared for Christian apologetics. They know that the well-prepared opposition is causing much damage in the Christian community, especially among the young people. They know that someone needs to stand as the bulwark in the Christian community, and that this is possible only with adequate preparation. It is, thank God, these people who silence the critics, answer sincere inquirers, and help the doubting Thomases of the world. Following the model of Christ, they are willing and ready to offer evidence to anyone who asks for it.

Almost every sincere Christian can practice apologetics if he has adequate preparation. As in any other field, it is not necessary for every practitioner to become a specialist. A good analogy can be drawn from the field of medicine. Most people who go to a hospital suffer only from common ailments, and they need only a General Medical Practitioner for help. Twenty percent or fewer need a specialist. Among those only a small percentage need the help of a super-specialist. Similarly, the average well-informed Christian can handle the bulk of the questions faced in everyday life, and only twenty percent of the questions will need the help of people who have specialized apologetics training. 

So how does one prepare himself to become an effective defender of Christianity? Several types of preparation are necessary.

Spiritual Preparation:  Since Christian apologetics aims to defend the Christian faith, the apologist should obviously be a born-again Christian of good spiritual commitment and standing. If his faith is worth fighting for, then he himself should be fully committed to it. Without this level of commitment, he is getting into a battle by proxy. He is trying to lay down his life for something he is not convinced about in the first place.  That will not work.

Spiritual commitment is not a one-time or once-for-all event, but an ongoing process in which one examines himself every day and affirms his commitment on a regular basis. This demands a life where daily devotion, study, reflection, and resolution are all geared to continuous spiritual growth. Yet for the spirit-filled student, this will likely be a pleasurable endeavor rather than an arduous task.

• But He answered and said, "It is written, ‘man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.’" (Matthew 4:4)

The spirit-filled student will be nourished by study of the Word. It is food for the spirit. In the same way we must feed our bodies, our spirits must also be fed.  If the main course is the Word of God, fellowship is our dessert. We depend on God, but we also depend on each other in the body of Christ.

• But to each one is given the manifestation of the Spirit for the common good. (1Corinthians 12:7)

No apologist can grow in a spiritual vacuum, nor can anyone sustain his spiritual IQ by depending upon himself alone. He should make it a practice to read works by the spiritual giants both of his era and the past. This will put him in touch with the greatest spiritual minds of all time, accelerating his own spiritual growth and understanding as he imbibes God’s illumination as experienced by others of his kind.

There are two important components to such reading and meditation. The first part is a regular, disciplined, and time-bound devotion and study. The best possible time of the day should be allocated for this. One should not miss this appointment, except in case of emergencies and unavoidable engagements. As the apologist keeps the appointment without fail, his body and mind gradually adapt to it in such a way that he begins to get maximum benefit from it. His whole system gets tuned to that event at that time, his concentration and perception are enhanced, and he begins to enjoy his spiritual feast and exercise.

While a regular, time-bound, devotion and study of Scripture is the essential first step of preparation, conscious reflection during free time throughout the day is the second part. The apologist should make frequent reflection an essential part of his daily life. Initially he might need to make a conscious effort, but gradually his whole being will be tuned in such a way that his mind automatically returns to it as soon as he is free. Spiritual reflection becomes integrated with his regular thought process. 

The Word of God repeatedly emphasizes the need for reflection on a regular basis.

• This book of the law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do according to all that is written in it; for then you will make your way prosperous, and then you will have success. (Joshua 1:8)
• But his delight is in the law of the LORD, And in His law he meditates day and night. He will be like a tree firmly planted by streams of water, Which yields its fruit in its season And its leaf does not wither; And in whatever he does, he prospers. (Psalms 1:2-3)

Along with one’s spiritual life and growth, the apologist should also take great care of his theology. If a man is sloppy with his diet, his physical body may end up suffering. If a man is sloppy with his theology, his spirit will end up suffering. 

While meditation and reflection are usually informal, theology is a much more formal and systematized presentation of doctrinal information found throughout the Bible. God has His own perfect purpose in scattering information about key doctrines throughout the Scripture, and we should not question the way He operates. Rather, Christians, especially apologists, need to carefully integrate this information.  

The challenge comes when such information on a given subject is collected, collated, and interpreted. One can make mistakes. A key verse might be ignored. A key turning-point might not be noticed. The real thrust of a passage might be overlooked. This is why the systematization of theology has taken two millennia from the completion of the Canon. 

Systematization and deduction is a long process, where one fine-tunes the deductions and inductions in each round of interpretation. However, in the hurry that most people are in, they sometimes overlook the discipline needed and come to theological conclusions which are not entirely correct. Since the entire theological edifice of the Bible is one whole and tight-fitting integrated unit, an error in one place results in error in other places, without exception. The apologist should take care to spot and avoid errors because once there is error in one’s thinking or perception at the theological level, one can not be a successful apologist, for nothing substantial is left to defend when the foundation is missing or crooked. This is why the aspiring Christian apologist should become highly literate or well-read in theology. 

History has shown repeatedly that people ignorant of history are condemned to repeat the avoidable errors of history. The same is true of theology. Those who are not exposed to the ongoing stream of orthodox theological discussion, and those who do not care to study the erroneous views and interpretations  in the theology of others often end up favoring interpretations and ideas that ultimately lead them into errors that have long ago been condemned by orthodoxy. [We must hasten to add here that in theological circles the word "orthodoxy" represents commitment to the fundamentals of the Christian faith, and hence is a positive word. This needs to be pointed out here because the word has other shades of meaning too, including pejorative uses]. 

Within theology, the Christian apologist must be firmly committed to the four Cardinal Doctrines which are: 

• Sola Scriptura:  The Bible alone is the Holy Spirit inspired divine revelation, and The Bible alone is the final word in all matters of doctrine and practice. 
• Sola Fide: Faith alone is the means of obtaining justification, and human merit or work plays no role in it.
• Sola Gratia: Grace alone is the means of salvation, and works play no role in it.
• Solus Christus: Christ alone is the Savior, and there is no other mediator between God and man. 

Any wavering on these Cardinal Doctrines will result in the weakening of other doctrines and eventual compromise. For example those who waver on Sola Scriptura are quick to denounce the six-day fiat creation. From there they degenerate to theistic evolution and the eventual abandonment of the entire special-creation and Edenic sin framework. Nothing much is left for defense or apologetics at this stage, and this has been demonstrated through the degeneration and fall of many Christian apologists who compromised on the Cardinal Doctrines.

Battles are won only by armies that are prepared to fight. The same is the situation with Christian apologetics. Every aspiring Christian apologist should nurture his spiritual life and theology on a daily basis all his life. 

The Preparation to Become A Christian Apologist
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Working Of The Tools Of Integrated-Apologetics
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How Do These Tools Work: The radical establishment has developed numerous techniques and strategies to attack the Christian faith. All these approaches depend upon dishonesty: they sidetrack, confuse, build stories upon false premises, misguide, and (most often) cheat the process of logical reasoning. Worse, they do this in such a subtle and convincing manner that the average Christian is not able to spot the catch.

The trained Christian apologist may be able to spot the deception, but his private perception is not sufficient to convince the audience or win the argument. Unless he is able to make the people also to see the tricks in the radical’s arguments, they will never be convinced of the truth. Worse, unless they be made to see the truth, they will keep believing the critic to be true, more knowledgeable, and sophisticated. The Christian side loses not because of any inherent weakness, but because the defender was not prepared for the task.

The Christian Apologist should also keep man’s depravity and rebellion in mind. He should never forget that the Old Sin Nature exerts considerable influence upon the choices and outlook of the believer. Consequently, hidden in a corner of their subconscious many of them have an inclination towards error. At times they [I mean, Christians] long for that which is wrong that it would prevail. You need to see some of these Christians who lose their temper and become hysterical when a conservative Christian Apologist is able to win the audience or the argument.

Many apologists simplistically assume that everyone would accede to and accept their arguments in favor of the Christian faith as soon as they make their pronouncement. Things do not happen that way. On the contrary, they will have to peel the opponent’s arguments layer by layer, and dismantle his artificially contrived edifice brick by brick. Then and then only will most people among even a Christian audience accept the contention of the Apologist. This is where the tools come into play. [Never forget that today a good number of Christians in the audience want the Christian Apologist to fail, and the opponent to win. With this kind of "friends" The Apologist does not need many enemies to make his task difficult. Adequate preparation is the key].

Once the Apologist starts using the Tools, both his opponent as well as his listeners will have to reckon with the subject, not merely with what the opponent has presented from the pulpit, but at the foundational level. Once they see him dismantling the critic at the root level, they will realize that the critic’s arguments cannot be sustained, and the criticisms will be exposed as false. This is how these tools work. But they do at least one more thing. They help to systematize the counterattack.

A determined opponent would never easily give up. He will keep piling up objection after objection against the Christian faith. Thousands of questions can be single category such as "Bible Difficulties". The radical will never tire bringing up the next objection because for him doing that is a hit-or-miss affair involving very little energy. However, solving and diffusing the objection requires much more effort and soon the Apologist as well as the audience will be worn out, handling hundreds or even thousands of questions that keep coming in a seemingly endless stream. However, the Tool-based approach helps here in a special way.

While the opponent can bringing an endless stream of questions from a single category such as Bible Difficulties, the tool-wielding Apologist knows that these are not really thousands, or even hundreds, of different objections. There are not more than 15 categories of Bible difficulties. Thus as each objection comes up, he explains the category to which it belongs. Once a second or third question that belongs to an already introduced category comes up, he only points to the category to which it belongs, and does not waste his time in solving the problem from scratch. The audience, having already understood that category, is able to grasp the solution to each new problem from that category without another elaborate explanation from the Apologist. The critic will also realize soon that piling up any more objections from one and the same category is not going to take him anywhere. This is a powerful way in which proper tools and strategies help the Christian Apologist.

How To Practice Using The Tools: There are at least ten powerful Tools of Apologetics, each with at least ten categories, and many subcategories. This means an Apologist has to remember anywhere from five hundred to one thousand subcategories or more to practice Christian Apologetics effectively. This can may look like an impossible excise, intimidating him. But this need not be not so.

Almost every practical subject contains thousand of sub categories of information, and yet people are able to handle them well. A medical doctor studies about hundreds of body-parts with thousands of possible abnormalities, medicines, and corrective measures. All of them together make hundreds of thousands of pieces of information. Yet he is able to use this knowledge because of a corpus of categorized information, regular exposure, deduction, action, and feedback. The more he passes through this process, the better adapted he becomes to the use of the tools learnt. He seems to pull out information on the rarest of the rare cases seeming like a magician’s trick. Practice makes a man perfect. The same is the case with the Christian Apologist.

Just as a medical doctor works first as an intern, the prospective apologist should submit himself for a period of formal or informal training. He should read everything he can get. He should pay special attention to to question-answer columns in Christian (and even conservative non Christian) magazines. He should buy every question-answer book on Apologetics and Issues that he can find. He should search the Net for question-answer columns that are handled by experts. He should also take time to listen to question-answer sessions handled by experts in Christian programs.

He should then take time to reflect upon how he would answer these questions. He should compare his own answers with those of others, and discover the best possible response. He should also invest in studying the art of communication. Plenty of printed and electronic resources are available on effective communication. He should then try to write down answers in his own words. He can even try to get them published, but that is not the main aim of this exercise. He should try to write the answers because writing makes a man exact.

Mastery over a set of tools is both a science as well as an art. It never comes to an end, and therefore the Apologist should keep reading, he should keep listening to question-answers, and reflection over these topics should become a life-long passion. Reflection produces a cumulative and also a synergistic effect in his mind, helping him to weed out the useless and present the rest in the best possible way.

Summary: The Christian Apologist has two choices. He can try to handle each and every objection individually, wearing himself out but without being able to stop the adversary who keeps piling up objections. Alternately the Apologist can use the tools and strategies explained in the next sections, do an efficient job of dismantling the opposition, and silence the critic more efficiently.

Working Of The Tools Of Christian Apologetics
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